VOLVO工程機(jī)械用柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)電子控制技術(shù)

由于柴油機(jī)具備高扭矩、高壽命、低油耗、低排放等特點(diǎn) ,柴油機(jī)成為解決汽車及工程機(jī)械能源問題最現(xiàn)實(shí)和最可靠的手段。因此柴油機(jī)的使用范圍越來越廣 ,數(shù)量越來越多。同時(shí)對(duì)柴油機(jī)的動(dòng)力性能、經(jīng)濟(jì)性能、控制廢氣排放和噪聲污染的要求也越來越高。依靠傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械控制噴油系統(tǒng)已無法滿足上述要求 ,也難以實(shí)現(xiàn)噴油量、噴油壓力和噴射正時(shí)完全按最佳工況運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的要求。近年來 ,隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)及信息技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展 ,使電子產(chǎn)品的可靠性、成本、體積等各方面都能滿足柴油機(jī)進(jìn)行電子控制的要求 ,并且電子控制燃油噴射很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)。

1：沃爾沃柴油機(jī)電子控制技術(shù)的要求

1.1沃爾沃柴油機(jī)高的噴射壓力

為滿足排放法規(guī)的要求 ,柴油噴射壓力從 10MPa提高到 200MPa。如此高的噴射壓力可明顯改善柴油和空氣的混合質(zhì)量 ,縮短著火延遲期 ,使燃燒更迅速、更徹底 ,并且控制燃燒溫度,從而降低廢氣排放。

1.2沃爾沃柴油機(jī)獨(dú)立的噴射壓力控制

1.3改善沃爾沃柴油機(jī)燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性

用戶對(duì)柴油機(jī)的燃油消耗率非常關(guān)注。高噴射壓力、獨(dú)立的噴射壓力控制、小噴孔、高平均噴油壓力等措施都能降低燃油消耗率 ,從而提高了柴油機(jī)的燃油使用經(jīng)濟(jì)性。

1.4沃爾沃柴油機(jī)獨(dú)立的燃油噴射正時(shí)控制

噴射正時(shí)直接影響到柴油機(jī)活塞上止點(diǎn)前噴入汽缸的油量,決定著汽缸的峰值爆發(fā)壓力和最高溫度。高的汽缸壓力和溫度可以改善燃油使用經(jīng)濟(jì)性 ,但導(dǎo)致 NOX增加。而不依賴于轉(zhuǎn)速和負(fù)荷的噴射正時(shí)控制能力 ,是在燃油消耗率和排放之間實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳平衡的關(guān)鍵措施。

1.5沃爾沃柴油機(jī)可變的預(yù)噴射控制能力

預(yù)噴射可以降低顆粒排放 ,又不增加 NOX排放 ,還可改善柴油機(jī)冷啟動(dòng)性能、降低冷態(tài)工況下白煙的排放 ,降低噪聲 ,改

善低速扭矩。但是預(yù)噴射量、預(yù)噴射與主噴射之間的時(shí)間間隔在不同工況下的要求是不一樣的。因此 ,具有可變的預(yù)噴射控制能力對(duì)柴油機(jī)的性能和排放十分有利。

1.6沃爾沃柴油機(jī)最小油量的控制能力

供油系統(tǒng)具有高噴射壓力的能力與柴油機(jī)怠速所需要的小油量控制能力發(fā)生矛盾。當(dāng)供油系統(tǒng)具有預(yù)噴射能力后將會(huì)使控制小油量的能力進(jìn)一步降低。由于工程機(jī)械用柴油機(jī)的工況很復(fù)雜 ,怠速工況經(jīng)常出現(xiàn) ,而電噴柴油機(jī)容易實(shí)現(xiàn)最小油量控制。

1.7沃爾沃柴油機(jī)快速斷油能力

噴射結(jié)束時(shí)必須快速斷油 ,如果不能快速斷油 ,在低壓力下噴射的柴油就會(huì)因燃燒不充分而冒黑煙 ,增加 HC排放。電噴柴油機(jī)噴油器上采用的高速電磁開關(guān)閥很容易實(shí)現(xiàn)快速斷油。

1.8降低驅(qū)動(dòng)扭矩沖擊載荷

燃油噴射系統(tǒng)在很高的壓力下工作 ,既增加了驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)所需要的平均扭矩 ,也加大了沖擊載荷。燃油噴射系統(tǒng)對(duì)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)平穩(wěn)加載和卸載的能力 ,是一種衡量噴射系統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。而電噴柴油機(jī)技術(shù)中的高壓共軌技術(shù)則大大降低了驅(qū)動(dòng)扭矩沖擊載荷。

2：VOLVO沃爾沃柴油機(jī)組成

VOLVO工程機(jī)械用柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)電子控制系統(tǒng)組成

傳感器、電控單元、執(zhí)行器。傳感器是用來監(jiān)控發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上各部件及各系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行狀況 ,并將數(shù)據(jù)傳輸給 ECU。

( 1)增壓壓力與溫度 ;根據(jù)檢測(cè)到進(jìn)氣壓力與溫度計(jì)算進(jìn)氣量為 ECU提供計(jì)算噴油量的數(shù)據(jù)。

( 2)燃油溫度 :燃油溫度的升高會(huì)影響發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)性能 ,溫度高會(huì)降低柴油黏度 ,增加泄漏量需要加大供油量。

( 3)冷卻液溫度 :檢測(cè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度提供為 ECU噴油正時(shí)修正的數(shù)據(jù) ,并且為駕駛員提供發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)行狀況。

( 4)冷卻液液位 :監(jiān)測(cè)水箱水位變化。

( 5)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)凸輪軸速度 :為 ECU提供點(diǎn)火正時(shí)信號(hào)。

( 6)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸速度 :也稱為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器 ,提供發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速信號(hào)。

( 7)機(jī)油壓力 :監(jiān)測(cè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行狀況 ,為駕駛員提供發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)信息。

執(zhí)行器根據(jù)電控單元所傳輸過來的電壓信號(hào)來控制噴油正時(shí)與噴油量 ,在外部環(huán)境變化的情況下 ,E-ECU通過一系列傳感器采集到的信息 ,經(jīng)過計(jì)算對(duì)比分析 ,然后通過對(duì)噴油器電磁閥 其工作原理為 :發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)凸輪作用于單體泵挺桿 ,ECU將收集通電時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短和早晚來調(diào)整噴油量與噴油正時(shí)。 VOLVO工程的傳感器信號(hào)分析處理后發(fā)出指令。使高速電磁鐵控制閥閉合、機(jī)械用柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的執(zhí)行器主要是有電磁閥的單體泵。結(jié)構(gòu)和開啟 ,在單體泵內(nèi)形成高壓 ,通過噴油器定時(shí)、定量將最佳霧化驅(qū)動(dòng)方式。

其工作過程為 :當(dāng)某缸需要噴油時(shí) ,ECU向電磁閥提供 3.7V的電壓 (注:當(dāng)起動(dòng)時(shí)電壓可達(dá) 90V左右普通萬用表無法測(cè)量 ),使電磁閥移動(dòng)將進(jìn)油道堵死使內(nèi)部形成密閉空間 ,此時(shí)柱塞在凸輪軸的推動(dòng)下向上移動(dòng) ,建立油壓直至達(dá)到 220kg將噴油器打開向汽缸內(nèi)噴射經(jīng)霧化的燃油 ,工作完成。

另外 ,VOLVO工程機(jī)械用電控柴油機(jī)還包括對(duì)廢氣再循環(huán)閥、預(yù)熱塞等執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行控制 ,使柴油機(jī)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)達(dá)到最佳。

VOLVO engineering machinery diesel engine electronic control technology
As the characteristics of the diesel engine with high torque, high life expectancy, low fuel consumption, low emissions, the diesel engine automotive and construction machinery, energy issues are the most realistic and the most reliable means. Therefore, the use of diesel engines range more widely, more and more quantity. Diesel power performance, economic performance, control emissions and noise pollution are increasingly high requirements. Rely on traditional mechanical control fuel injection system has been unable to meet the above requirements, it is difficult to achieve the fuel injection quantity, injection pressure and injection timing requirements fully functioning best conditions. In recent years, with the rapid development of computer technology, sensor technology and information technology, reliability, cost, size, and other aspects of the electronic products can meet diesel requirements for electronic control, electronically controlled fuel injection and are easy to implement.
 
1: Volvo diesel engine electronic control technology requirements
1.1 Volvo diesel engine high injection pressure
To meet emission regulations, diesel fuel injection pressure increased from 10MPa to 200MPa. Such a high injection pressure can be significantly improved the mix quality of the diesel fuel and air, to shorten the ignition delay period, so that combustion is more rapid, more thorough, and controlling the combustion temperature, thereby reducing exhaust emissions.
1.2 Volvo diesel engine independent injection pressure control
1.3 improve Volvo diesel engine fuel economy
The user is very concerned about the fuel consumption of the diesel engine. The high injection pressure, independent of the injection pressure control, small spray holes, high average Injection Pressure and other measures can reduce the fuel consumption rate, thereby improving the economy of the use of diesel fuel.
1.4 Volvo independent diesel engine fuel injection timing control
Injection timing directly affect the amount of oil sprayed into the cylinder of the diesel engine piston top dead point before, determines the peak cylinder pressure and the maximum temperature. The high cylinder pressure and temperature can improve fuel economy, but the NOX increase. Rather than rely on speed and load injection timing control capability is the key measures to achieve the best balance between the rate of fuel consumption and emissions.
The 1.5 Volvo diesel Variable pre-injection control capability
Pre-injection can reduce particulate emissions, without increasing NOX emissions, but also to improve the diesel engine cold start performance, reduce cold conditions white smoke emissions, reduce noise, change
Good low-speed torque. However, the interval between the pre-injection amount, the pre-injection and main injection is not the same in different conditions requirements. Therefore, having a variable pre-injection control capability of the diesel engine performance and emissions are very favorable.
1.6 Volvo diesel engine control capability of the minimum amount of oil
The small amount of oil needed by the fuel supply system with a high injection pressure diesel engine idling control capabilities in contradiction. Further reduce the ability to make the control of a small amount of oil when the oil supply system will have the ability to pre-injection. Idling condition is often very complex construction machinery diesel engine conditions, EFI diesel engine is easy to achieve a minimum fuel control.
1.7 Volvo diesel engine is quick off the oil capacity
Injection end must be fast off oil, and can not quickly off the oil, is injected at a low pressure of the diesel will be due to inadequate combustion smoky, increase in HC emissions. EFI diesel injector using high-speed solenoid switch valve is very easy to implement quick off the oil.
1.8 lower drive torque impact load
The fuel injection system working in a high pressure, both to increase the average torque of the drive system, and also to increase the impact load. Fuel injection system for smooth drive system's ability to load and unload, is a measure of the standard of the injection system. EFI diesel technology in high-pressure common rail technology greatly reduces the impact load of the drive torque.
2: VOLVO Volvo diesel engine composition
VOLVO engineering machinery diesel engine electronic control system components
 
Sensors, electronic control units, actuators. The sensor is used to monitor the operating conditions of the engine components and systems, and data transmission to the ECU.
(1) The supercharging pressure and temperature; intake air amount calculated according to the detected intake air pressure and temperature, the ECU provides the data of the calculated fuel injection quantity.
(2) Fuel temperature: the fuel temperature rise will affect the engine performance, the high temperature will reduce the viscosity of diesel to increase the amount of leakage need to increase the amount of oil.
(3) The coolant temperature: detection engine temperature ECU fuel injection timing correction of data, and provide the driver with the engine operating conditions.
(4) The coolant level: monitoring the tank water level changes.
(5) Engine the camshaft speed: for the ECU to provide an ignition timing signal.
(6) the engine crankshaft speed: also referred to as the engine speed sensor, the engine speed signal.
(7) Oil pressure: monitoring engine lubrication system operating conditions, for the driver to provide engine information.
 
The actuator according to the transmission over the voltage signal by the electronic control unit to control injector timing and fuel injection quantity in the case of the external environment changes, E-ECU collected by a series of sensors to the information, after calculation of comparative analysis, and then through injector solenoid valve works: the engine cam acting on single pump tappet ECU will collect the energized length of time, and sooner or later to adjust the fuel injection quantity and injection timing. VOLVO engineering sensor signal analysis and processing to give instructions. High-speed solenoid control valve is closed, the machinery diesel engine actuator solenoid valve single pump. Structure and open, in a high-pressure unit pump, injector timing, the best atomization driven quantitative way.
 
The course of their work: when a cylinder needs fuel injection ECU to the solenoid valve 3.7V voltage (Note: When starting voltage up to 90V so ordinary multimeter can not measure), the solenoid valve moving Inlet Road blocked so formed inside the confined space, the plunger moves upward in the camshaft driven the establishment of hydraulic until it reaches 220kg open the injector jet by the atomization of fuel into the cylinder, the work is completed.
VOLVO Construction Machinery Diesel Engine and also includes exhaust gas recirculation valves, glow plugs and other implementing agencies to control the engine running state to achieve the best.